Gustave Flaubert

Based on Flaubert’s own youthful passion for an older woman, Sentimental Education was described by its author as “the moral history of the men of my generation.” It follows the amorous adventures of Frederic Moreau, a law student who, returning home to Normandy from Paris, notices Mme Arnoux, a slender, dark woman several years older than himself. It is the beginning of an infatuation that will last a lifetime. He befriends her husband, an influential businessman, and as their paths cross and re-cross over the years, Mme Arnoux remains the constant, unattainable love of Moreau’s life. Blending love story, historical authenticity, and satire, Sentimental Education is one of the great French novels of the nineteenth century.

Madame Bovary is the debut novel of French writer Gustave Flaubert, published in 1856. The character lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life. When the novel was first serialized in La Revue de Paris between 1 October 1856 and 15 December 1856, public prosecutors attacked the novel for obscenity. The resulting trial in January 1857 made the story notorious. After Flaubert's acquittal on 7 February 1857, Madame Bovary became a bestseller in April 1857 when it was published in two volumes. A seminal work of literary realism, the novel is now considered Flaubert's masterpiece, and one of the most influential literary works in history.

Les "trois contes" résument tout l'art flaubertien : Un coeur simple, c'est le psychologue intimiste ; Hérodias, c'est l'historien, le peintre ; Saint Julien, l'amateur de fables et de surnaturel. Tour à tour son enfance, l'Antiquité, le Moyen Age, fournissent le décor. Derrière tant d'art, la tendresse de qui a écrit : "Je veux apitoyer, faire pleurer les âmes sensibles, en étant une moi-même".

In his own words, the novel is "a kind of encyclopedia made into farce . . . A book in which I shall spit out my bile." At the center of this book are Bouvard and Pécuchet, two retired clerks who set out in a search for truth and knowledge with persistent optimism in light of the fact that each new attempt at learning about the world ends in disaster. In the literary tradition of Rabelais, Cervantes, and Swift, this story is told in that blend of satire and sympathy that only genius can compound, and the reader becomes genuinely fond of these two Don Quixotes of Ideas. Apart from being a new translation, this edition includes Flaubert's Dictionary of Received Ideas.

Nonostante Gustave Flaubert continui, per la maggioranza dei lettori, a essere esclusivamente l'autore di Madame Bovary, L'educazione sentimentale ha meritatamente avuto i riconoscimenti che merita un capolavoro narrativo fondamentale nel romanzo moderno. Storia di una giovinezza consumata nell'amore platonico per una donna sposata e diario delle speranze e delusioni di una generazione che fece la rivoluzione del 1848, il romanzo narra le vicende di Frédéric Moreau, giovane borghese sensibile ma pieno di debolezze, al quale occorrono amici e amanti per sentirsi vivere, giunto a Parigi per studiare legge e fare il suo ingresso nella seducente società di metà Ottocento. Il travaglio politico e sociale di quei giorni affiora dalle pagine del libro, illuminate anche dalla passione e dall'amore per quattro donne, attraverso le quali si compie l'educazione sentimentale del giovane Frédéric, che alla fine rimarrà deluso dall'amore sia dalla politica.

«Yo celebro que Emma Bovary –ha escrito Vargas Llosa– en vez de sofocar sus sentidos tratara de colmarlos, que no tuviera escrúpulo en confundir el cul y el coeur, que, de hecho, son parientes cercanos, y que fuera capaz de creer que la luna existía para alumbrar su alcoba.» «Será el primer caso, creo, de novela en que se hace burla de la heroína y de su galán. Pero la ironía no perjudica al pathos; al contrario, la ironía subraya el aspecto patético», escribió Gustave Flaubert en el largo proceso de redacción (1851-1856) de La señora Bovary. Alarmados por su «invencible tendencia al lirismo», algunos amigos le habían aconsejado centrarse en «un tema banal, uno de esos sucesos que abundan en la vida burguesa». Al final, tanta sujeción al «tema banal» y tanta refutación del «lirismo», volcadas en la historia de un adulterio en una ciudad de provincias, escéptica ante el espíritu romántico tanto como ante el científico, le valieron un proceso por «ofensa a la moral y a la religión». No han dejado de correr ríos de tinta en torno a La señora Bovary, que hoy presentamos en una nueva traducción de María Teresa Gallego Urrutia. Defendida en su día por Baudelaire y Sainte-Beuve, reivindicada por Zola y el naturalismo, rescatada por Sartre y los autores del nouveau roman, admirada por Nabókov, es aún hoy un modelo central de lo que debe y no debe ser una novela. La historia de un adulterio en una ciudad de provincias, sin grandes personajes ni ambientes fastuosos, tuvo un aspecto tan realista que las instituciones se vieron agredidas y abrieron un proceso judicial contra el autor, del que saldría absuelto y que le reportó una fama sin precedentes.

Throughout his life Flaubert made it a game to eavesdrop for the cliché, the platitude, the borrowed and unquestioned idea with which the “right thinking” swaddle their minds. After his death his little treasury of absurdities, of half-truths and social lies, was published as a Dictionnaire des idées reçues. Because its devastating humor and irony are often dependent on the phrasing in vernacular French, the Dictionnaire was long considered untranslatable. This notion was taken as a challenge by Jacques Barzun. Determined to find the exact English equivalent for each “accepted idea” Flaubert recorded, he has succeeded in documenting our own inanities. With a satirist’s wit and a scholar’s precision, Barzun has produced a very contemporary self-portrait of the middle-class philistine, a species as much alive today as when Flaubert railed against him.