Byung-Chul Han
Byung-Chul Han, also spelled Pyŏng-ch'ŏl Han (born 1959 in Seoul), is a German author, cultural theorist, and Professor at the Universität der Künste Berlin (UdK) in Berlin, Germany.Byung-Chul Han studied metallurgy in Korea before he moved to Germany in the 1980s to study Philosophy, German Literature and Catholic theology in Freiburg im Breisgau and Munich. He received his doctoral degree at Freiburg with a dissertation on Martin Heidegger in 1994.In 2000, he joined the Department of Philosophy at the University of Basel, where he completed his Habilitation. In 2010 he became a faculty member at the HfG Karlsruhe, where his areas of interest were philosophy of the 18th, 19th and 20th century, ethics, social philosophy, phenomenology, cultural theory, aesthetics, religion, media theory, and intercultural philosophy. Since 2012 he teaches philosophy and cultural studies at the Universität der Künste Berlin (UdK), where he directs the newly established Studium Generale general-studies program.Han is the author of sixteen books, of which the most recent are treatises on what he terms a "society of tiredness" (Müdigkeitsgesellschaft), a "society of transparency" (Transparenzgesellschaft), and on his neologist concept of shanzai, which seeks to identify modes of deconstruction in contemporary practices of Chinese capitalism.Han's current work focuses on transparency as a cultural norm created by neoliberal market forces, which he understands as the insatiable drive toward voluntary disclosure bordering on the pornographic. According to Han, the dictates of transparency enforce a totalitarian system of openness at the expense of other social values such as shame, secrecy, and trust.Until recently, he refused to give radio and television interviews and rarely divulges any biographical or personal details, including his date of birth, in public.Han has written on topics such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline, burnout, depression, exhaustion, internet, love, pop culture, power, rationality, religion, social media, subjectivity, tiredness, transparency and violence.
The Agony of Eros
Byung-Chul Han
An argument that love requires the courage to accept self-negation for the sake of discovering the Other.
Byung-Chul Han is one of the most widely read philosophers in Europe today, a member of the new generation of German thinkers that includes Markus Gabriel and Armen Avanessian. In The Agony of Eros, a bestseller in Germany, Han considers the threat to love and desire in today's society. For Han, love requires the courage to accept self-negation for the sake of discovering the Other. In a world of fetishized individualism and technologically mediated social interaction, it is the Other that is eradicated, not the self. In today's increasingly narcissistic society, we have come to look for love and desire within the “inferno of the same.”
Han offers a survey of the threats to Eros, drawing on a wide range of sources—Lars von Trier's film Melancholia, Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Fifty Shades of Grey, Michel Foucault (providing a scathing critique of Foucault's valorization of power), Martin Buber, Hegel, Baudrillard, Flaubert, Barthes, Plato, and others. Han considers the “pornographication” of society, and shows how pornography profanes eros; addresses capitalism's leveling of essential differences; and discusses the politics of eros in today's “burnout society.” To be dead to love, Han argues, is to be dead to thought itself.
Concise in its expression but unsparing in its insight, The Agony of Eros is an important and provocative entry in Han's ongoing analysis of contemporary society.
This remarkable essay, an intellectual experience of the first order, affords one of the best ways to gain full awareness of and join in one of the most pressing struggles of the day: the defense, that is to say—as Rimbaud desired it—the “reinvention” of love.—from the foreword by Alain Badiou
The Burnout Society
Byung-Chul Han
Our competitive, service-oriented societies are taking a toll on the late-modern individual. Rather than improving life, multitasking, "user-friendly" technology, and the culture of convenience are producing disorders that range from depression to attention deficit disorder to borderline personality disorder. Byung-Chul Han interprets the spreading malaise as an inability to manage negative experiences in an age characterized by excessive positivity and the universal availability of people and goods. Stress and exhaustion are not just personal experiences, but social and historical phenomena as well. Denouncing a world in which every against-the-grain response can lead to further disempowerment, he draws on literature, philosophy, and the social and natural sciences to explore the stakes of sacrificing intermittent intellectual reflection for constant neural connection.
Saving Beauty
Byung-Chul Han
Beauty today is a paradox. The cult of beauty is ubiquitous but it has lost its transcendence and become little more than an aspect of consumerism, the aesthetic dimension of capitalism. The sublime and unsettling aspects of beauty have given way to corporeal pleasures and 'likes', resulting in a kind of 'pornography' of beauty. In this book, cultural theorist Byung-Chul Han reinvigorates aesthetic theory for our digital age. He interrogates our preoccupation with all things slick and smooth, from Jeff Koon's sculptures and the iPhone to Brazilian waxing. Reaching far deeper than our superficial reactions to viral videos and memes, Han reclaims beauty, showing how it manifests itself as truth, temptation and even disaster. This wide-ranging and profound exploration of beauty, encompassing ethical and political considerations as well as aesthetic, will appeal to all those interested in cultural and aesthetic theory, philosophy and digital media.
In the Swarm: Digital Prospects
Byung-Chul Han
A prominent German thinker argues that—contrary to “Twitter Revolution” cheerleading—digital communication is destroying political discourse and political action.
The shitstorm represents an authentic phenomenon of digital communication.—from In the Swarm
Digital communication and social media have taken over our lives. In this contrarian reflection on digitized life, Byung-Chul Han counters the cheerleaders for Twitter revolutions and Facebook activism by arguing that digital communication is in fact responsible for the disintegration of community and public space and is slowly eroding any possibility for real political action and meaningful political discourse. In the predigital, analog era, by the time an angry letter to the editor had been composed, mailed, and received, the immediate agitation had passed. Today, digital communication enables instantaneous, impulsive reaction, meant to express and stir up outrage on the spot. “The shitstorm,” writes Han, ”represents an authentic phenomenon of digital communication.”
Meanwhile, the public, the senders and receivers of these communications have become a digital swarm—not a mass, or a crowd, or Negri and Hardt's antiquated notion of a “multitude,” but a set of isolated individuals incapable of forming a “we,” incapable of calling dominant power relations into question, incapable of formulating a future because of an obsession with the present. The digital swarm is a fragmented entity that can focus on individual persons only in order to make them an object of scandal.
Han, one of the most widely read philosophers in Europe today, describes a society in which information has overrun thought, in which the same algorithms are employed by Facebook, the stock market, and the intelligence services. Democracy is under threat because digital communication has made freedom and control indistinguishable. Big Brother has been succeeded by Big Data.
Capitalism and the Death Drive
Byung-Chul Han
What we call growth today is in fact a tumorous growth, a cancerous proliferation which is disrupting the social organism. These tumours endlessly metastasize and grow with an inexplicable, deadly vitality. At a certain point this growth is no longer productive, but rather destructive. Capitalism passed this point long ago. Its destructive forces cause not only ecological and social catastrophes but also mental collapse. The destructive compulsion to perform combines self-affirmation and self-destruction in one. We optimize ourselves to death. Brutal competition ends in destruction. It produces an emotional coldness and indifference towards others as well as towards one's own self.
The devastating consequences of capitalism suggest that a death drive is at work. Freud initially introduced the death drive hesitantly, but later admitted that he 'couldn't think beyond it' as the idea of the death drive became increasingly central to his thought. Today, it is impossible to think about capitalism without considering the death drive.
Topology of Violence
Byung-Chul Han
One of today's most widely read philosophers considers the shift in violence from visible to invisible, from negativity to excess of positivity.
Some things never disappear—violence, for example. Violence is ubiquitous and incessant but protean, varying its outward form according to the social constellation at hand. In Topology of Violence, the philosopher Byung-Chul Han considers the shift in violence from the visible to the invisible, from the frontal to the viral to the self-inflicted, from brute force to mediated force, from the real to the virtual. Violence, Han tells us, has gone from the negative—explosive, massive, and martial—to the positive, wielded without enmity or domination. This, he says, creates the false impression that violence has disappeared. Anonymized, desubjectified, systemic, violence conceals itself because it has become one with society. Han first investigates the macro-physical manifestations of violence, which take the form of negativity—developing from the tension between self and other, interior and exterior, friend and enemy. These manifestations include the archaic violence of sacrifice and blood, the mythical violence of jealous and vengeful gods, the deadly violence of the sovereign, the merciless violence of torture, the bloodless violence of the gas chamber, the viral violence of terrorism, and the verbal violence of hurtful language. He then examines the violence of positivity—the expression of an excess of positivity—which manifests itself as over-achievement, over-production, over-communication, hyper-attention, and hyperactivity. The violence of positivity, Han warns, could be even more disastrous than that of negativity. Infection, invasion, and infiltration have given way to infarction.
The Scent of Time: A Philosophical Essay on the Art of Lingering
Byung-Chul Han
In his philosophical reflections on the art of lingering, acclaimed cultural theorist Byung-Chul Han argues that the value we attach today to the vita activa is producing a crisis in our sense of time. Our attachment to the vita activa creates an imperative to work which degrades the human being into a labouring animal, an animal laborans. At the same time, the hyperactivity which characterizes our daily routines robs human beings of the capacity to linger and the faculty of contemplation. It therefore becomes impossible to experience time as fulfilling.
Drawing on a range of thinkers including Heidegger, Nietzsche and Arendt, Han argues that we can overcome this temporal crisis only by revitalizing the vita contemplativa and relearning the art of lingering. For what distinguishes humans from other animals is the capacity for reflection and contemplation, and when life regains this capacity, this art of lingering, it gains in time and space, in duration and vastness.
La sociedad del cansancio
Byung-Chul Han
Byung-Chul Han, una de las voces filosóficas más innovadoras que ha surgido en Alemania recientemente, afirma en este inesperado best seller, cuya primera tirada se agotó en unas semanas, que la sociedad occidental está sufriendo un silencioso cambio de paradigma: el exceso de positividad está conduciendo a una sociedad del cansancio. Así como la sociedad disciplinaria foucaultiana producía criminales y locos, la sociedad que ha acuñado el eslogan Yes We Can produce individuos agotados, fracasados y depresivos. Según el autor, la resistencia solo es posible en relación con la coacción externa. La explotación a la que uno mismo se somete es mucho peor que la externa, ya que se ayuda del sentimiento de libertad. Esta forma de explotación resulta, asimismo, mucho más eficiente y productiva debido a que el individuo decide voluntariamente explotarse a sí mismo hasta la extenuación. Hoy en día carecemos de un tirano o de un rey al que oponernos diciendo No. En este sentido, obras como Indignaos, de Stéphane Hessel, no son de gran ayuda, ya que el propio sistema hace desaparecer aquello a lo que uno podría enfrentarse. Resulta muy difícil rebelarse cuando víctima y verdugo, explotador y explotado, son la misma persona. Han señala que la filosofía debería relajarse y convertirse en un juego productivo, lo que daría lugar a resultados completamente nuevos, que los occidentales deberíamos abandonar conceptos como originalidad, genialidad y creación de la nada y buscar una mayor flexibilidad en el pensamiento: “todos nosotros deberíamos jugar más y trabajar menos, entonces produciríamos más”. ¿O es acaso una coincidencia que los chinos, para quienes originalidad y genialidad son conceptos desconocidos, sean los responsables de casi toda invención –desde la pasta hasta los fuegos artificiales- que ha dejado huella en Occidente? Sin embargo, esto no deja de ser para el autor una utopía inalcanzable para una sociedad en la que todos, incluso el ejecutivo mejor pagado, trabajamos como esclavos aplazando indefinidamente el ocio.
Le non cose. Come abbiamo smesso di vivere il reale
Byung-Chul Han
«Non abitiamo più la terra e il cielo, bensì Google Earth e il Cloud. Il mondo si fa sempre più inafferrabile, nuvoloso e spettrale». Abbiamo perso il contatto con il reale. È necessario tornare a rivolgere lo sguardo alle cose concrete, modeste e quotidiane. Le sole capaci di starci a cuore e stabilizzare la vita umana. Una massa di informazioni ci investe ogni giorno. Come ogni inondazione, anche questa agisce sulle nostre esistenze, spazza via confini, rimodella geografie. Ormai sono i dati e non più le cose concrete a influenzare le nostre vite. Le non-cose stanno prendendo il sopravvento sul reale, sui fatti e la biologia. E così la realtà ci appare sempre più sfuggente e confusa, piena di stimoli che non vanno oltre la superfice. Con la sua consueta lucidità e veemenza, Byung-chul Han, critico severo ma acuto della contemporaneità, ci offre una peculiare e sferzante riflessione sulla comunicazione, la Rete e il futuro che stiamo costruendo.
La società senza dolore: Perché abbiamo bandito la sofferenza dalle nostre vite
Byung-Chul Han
Il mondo contemporaneo è terrorizzato dalla sofferenza. La paura del dolore è così pervasiva e diffusa da spingerci a rinunciare persino alla libertà pur di non doverlo affrontare. Il rischio, secondo Han, è chiuderci in una rassicurante finta sicurezza che si trasforma in una gabbia, perché è solo attraverso il dolore che ci si apre al mondo. Eppure la condizione nella quale tutti noi viviamo è ammantata dal rifiuto collettivo della nostra fragilità. Una rimozione che dobbiamo imparare a superare. Attingendo ai grandi del pensiero del Novecento, Han ci costringe, con questo saggio cristallino e tagliente come una scheggia di vetro, a mettere in discussione le nostre certezze. E nel farlo ci consegna nuovi e più efficaci strumenti per leggere la realtà e la società che ci circondano.
Sociedade do Cansaço
Byung-Chul Han
Os efeitos colaterais do discurso motivacional. O mercado de palestras e livros motivacionais está crescendo desde o início do século XXI e não mostra sinais de desaquecimento. Religiões tradicionais estão perdendo adeptos para novas igrejas que trocam o discurso do pecado pelo encorajamento e autoajuda. As instituições políticas e empresariais mudaram o sistema de punição, hierarquia e combate ao concorrente pelas positividades do estímulo, eficiência e reconhecimento social pela superação das próprias limitações. Byung-Chul Han mostra que a sociedade disciplinar e repressora do século XX descrita por Michel Foucault perde espaço para uma nova forma de organização coercitiva: a violência neuronal. As pessoas se cobram cada vez mais para apresentar resultados - tornando elas mesmas vigilantes e carrascas de suas ações. Em uma época onde poderíamos trabalhar menos e ganhar mais, a ideologia da positividade opera uma inversão perversa: nos submetemos a trabalhar mais e a receber menos. Essa onda do "eu consigo" e do "yes, we can" tem gerado um aumento significativo de doenças como depressão, transtornos de personalidade, síndromes como hiperatividade e burnout. Este livro transcende o campo filosófico e pode ajudar educadores, psicólogos e gestores a entender os novos problemas do século XXI.
Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power
Byung-Chul Han
Exploring how neoliberalism has discovered the productive force of the psycheByung-Chul Han, a star of German philosophy, continues his passionate critique of neoliberalism, trenchantly describing a regime of technological domination that, in contrast to Foucault’s biopower, has discovered the productive force of the psyche. In the course of discussing all the facets of neoliberal psychopolitics fueling our contemporary crisis of freedom, Han elaborates an analytical framework that provides an original theory of Big Data and a lucid phenomenology of emotion. But this provocative essay proposes counter models too, presenting a wealth of ideas and surprising alternatives at every turn.
Nello sciame. Visioni del digitale
Byung-Chul Han
La trasparenza e i dispositivi digitali hanno cambiato gli uomini e il loro modo di pensare. Alla comunicazione in presenza, alla capacità di analisi e alla visione del futuro si sono sostituiti interlocutori fantasmatici immersi in un presente continuo e sempre visualizzabile attraverso uno schermo. Il soggetto capace di annullarsi in una folla che marcia per un’azione comune, ha ceduto il passo a uno sciame digitale di individui anonimi e isolati, che si muovono disordinati e imprevedibili come insetti. Han si interroga su ciò che accade quando una società – la nostra – rinuncia al racconto di sé per contare i “mi piace”, quando il privato si trasforma in un pubblico che cannibalizza l’intimità e la privacy. E su che cosa comporta abdicare al significato e al senso per un’informazione ovunque reperibile ma spesso non attendibile.
La agonía del eros
Byung-Chul Han
La proclamación neoliberal de la libertad se manifiesta en realidad como un imperativo paradójico: sé libre. Domina una economía de la supervivencia en la que cada uno es su propio empresario. El neoliberalismo, con sus desinhibidos impulsos narcisistas del yo y del rendimiento, es el infierno de lo igual, una sociedad de la depresión y el cansancio compuesta por sujetos aislados.
Los muros y las fronteras ya no excitan la fantasía, pues no engendran al otro. Dado que el Eros se dirige a ese otro, el capitalismo elimina la alteridad para someterlo todo al consumo, a la exposición como mercancía, por lo que intensifica lo pornográfico, pues no conoce ningún otro uso de la sexualidad. Desaparece así la experiencia erótica. La crisis actual del arte, y también de la literatura, puede atribuirse a esta desaparición del otro, a la agonía del Eros.
Con toda seguridad no habrá una política del amor. Sin embargo, las acciones políticas comunican con el Eros, pues suponen el deseo común de otra forma de vida. El amor interrumpe la perspectiva del uno y hace surgir el mundo desde el punto de vista del otro, de la diferencia. Así, el Eros constituye una fuente de energía para la protesta política. Se manifiesta como aspiración revolucionaria a una sociedad completamente diferente. Es más, mantiene en pie la fidelidad a lo venidero.
No-cosas: Quiebras del mundo de hoy
Byung-Chul Han
«Hoy estamos en la transición de la era de las cosas a la era de las no-cosas. No son las cosas, sino la información, lo que determina el mundo en que vivimos.»
Hoy en día, el mundo se vacía de cosas y se llena de información inquietante como voces sin cuerpo. La digitalización desmaterializa y descorporeíza el mundo. En lugar de guardar recuerdos, almacenamos inmensas cantidades de datos. Los medios digitales sustituyen así a la memoria, cuyo trabajo hacen sin violencia ni demasiado esfuerzo. La información falsea los acontecimientos. Se nutre del estímulo de la sorpresa. Pero este no dura mucho. Rápidamente sentimos la necesidad de nuevos estímulos, y nos acostumbramos a percibir la realidad como una fuente inagotable de estos. Como cazadores de información, nos volvemos ciegos ante las cosas silenciosas y discretas, incluso las habituales, las menudas y las comunes, que no nos estimulan, pero nos anclan en el ser.
El nuevo ensayo de Byung-Chul Han gira en torno a las cosas y las no-cosas. Desarrolla tanto una filosofía del smartphone como una crítica a la inteligencia artificial desde una nueva perspectiva. Al mismo tiempo, recupera la magia de lo sólido y lo tangible y reflexiona sobre el silencio que se pierde en el ruido de la información.
The Disappearance of Rituals: A Topology of the Present
Byung-Chul Han
Untrammelled neoliberalism and the inexorable force of production have produced a 21st century crisis of community: a narcissistic cult of authenticity and mass turning-inward are among the pathologies engendered by it. We are individuals afloat in an atomised society, where the loss of the symbolic structures inherent in ritual behaviour has led to overdependence on the contingent to steer identity. Avoiding saccharine nostalgia for the rituals of the past, Han provides a genealogy of their disappearance as a means of diagnosing the pathologies of the present. He juxtaposes a community without communication - where the intensity of togetherness in silent recognition provides structure and meaning - to today's communication without community, which does away with collective feelings and leaves individuals exposed to exploitation and manipulation by neoliberal psycho-politics. The community that is invoked everywhere today is an atrophied and commoditized community that lacks the symbolic power to bind people together. For Han, it is only the mutual praxis of recognition borne by the ritualistic sharing of the symbolic between members of a community which creates the footholds of objectivity allowing us to make sense of time. This new book by one of the most creative cultural theorists writing today will be of interest to a wide readership.
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