Plato Plato

The Phaedo is acknowledged to be one of Plato's masterpieces, showing him both as a philosopher and as a dramatist at the height of his powers. For its moving account of the execution of Socrates, the Phaedo ranks among the supreme literary achievements of antiquity. It is also a document crucial to the understanding of many ideas deeply ingrained in western culture, and provides one of the best introductions to Plato's thought.

Plato is among the most influential philosophers of all time. Along with his teacher Socrates and his pupil Aristotle, he can be said to have laid the foundations for Western philosophy, science and ethics, as well as establishing the first academy for higher learning in the Western world. Socrates is one of the great figures of Western history and the founding father of its philosophical tradition. In the Dialogues, by his pupil and fellow philosopher Plato, a fascinating portrait emerges of a man who spurned material wealth and believed above all in learning and inquiry. Apology, Crito, and Phaedo recount Socrates’ trial on charges of corrupting the youth of Athens, his defiance of the court, and his last days in jail passed in discussion with friends. They form an excellent introduction to a courageous and captivating figure who paid with his life for the right to free thought.

The Apology of Socrates is Plato's version of the speech given by Socrates as he unsuccessfully defended himself in 399BCE against the charges of "corrupting the young, and by not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other daimonia that are novel" (24b). "Apology" here has its earlier meaning (now usually expressed by the word "apologia") of speaking in defense of a cause or of one's beliefs or actions. The revised edition of this popular textbook features revised vocabulary and grammatical notes that now appear on the same page as the text, sentence diagrams, principal parts of verbs listed both by Stephanus page and alphabetically, word frequency list for words occurring more than twice, and complete vocabulary.

Presented in the form of a dialogue between Socrates and three different interlocutors, this classic text is an enquiry into the notion of a perfect community and the ideal individual within it. During the conversation, other questions are raised: what is goodness?; what is reality?; and what is knowledge? The Republic also addresses the purpose of education and the role of both women and men as guardians of the people. With remarkable lucidity and deft use of allegory, Plato arrives at a depiction of a state bound by harmony and ruled by philosopher kings.

A fascinating discussion on sex, gender, and human instincts, as relevant today as ever. In the course of a lively drinking party, a group of Athenian intellectuals exchange views on eros, or desire. From their conversation emerges a series of subtle reflections on gender roles, sex in society and the sublimation of basic human instincts. The discussion culminates in a radical challenge to conventional views by Plato's mentor, Socrates, who advocates transcendence through spiritual love. The Symposium is a deft interweaving of different viewpoints and ideas about the nature of love--as a response to beauty, a cosmic force, a motive for social action and as a means of ethical education. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.

Plato's famous record of Socrates' defence against accusations of atheism and corrupting the youth. This speech is well worth your time.

Once upon a time there were just the gods; mortal beings did not yet exist. We are used to thinking of myths as stories, and modern myths as made up and fictitious. For the ancient Greeks, however, a myth was a story that unveiled reality, and for Plato, myth-maker as well as myth-teller, a myth could tell us something important about ourselves and our world. The ultimate purpose of Plato's myths is to help us live a better life, and to teach philosophical truths in a form we can most easily understand. This volume brings together ten of the most celebrated Platonic myths, from eight of Plato's dialogues ranging from the early Protagoras and Gorgias to the late Timaeus and Critias. They include the famous myth of the cave from Republic as well as The Judgement of Souls and The Birth of Love. Each myth is a self-contained story, prefaced by a short explanatory note, while the introduction considers Plato's use of myth and imagery. These myths are thought-provoking and profound, and together they provide an ideal introduction to Plato's philosophy.

Le philosophe et le sophiste revendiquent la sagesse (sophia). Ils se ressemblent donc de la même manière - dit Platon - que le chien ressemble au loup. La philosophie n'a rien à gagner avec cette assimilation. Voilà pourquoi, après avoir écrit plusieurs dialogues polémiques à l'égard de la sophistique, Platon décide d'être plus radical : seule une analyse en profondeur de l'être et du non-être permettra de tracer la frontière qui sépare de manière définitive le philosophe, « l'homme libre » qui évolue dans la lumière de la vérité, du sophiste, le faussaire qui « s'enfuit dans l'obscurité du non-être ». L'analyse platonicienne aura cependant des conséquences inattendues : l'opposition classique entre l'être et le non-être, systématisée par Parménide, sera réfutée, et le jugement faux trouvera une explication en dehors de l'impossible revendication du non-être. Aristote, fidèle lecteur du Sophiste, trouvera ainsi ouverte la voie qui le conduira vers sa théorie de la prédication multiple de l'être.

Qu'est-ce que la science ? Ou encore : au nom de quels critères un énoncé peut-il être présenté comme science ? A cette question, le Théétète apporte trois tentatives de réponse qui sont autant d'impasses : la science n'est ni sensation, ni opinion vraie, ni opinion vraie accompagnée d'une définition. Echec d'une discussion stérile, attente déçue de qui se croyait convié au spectacle d'un accouchement de la vérité ? Non, si l'on sait lire dans le Théétète la leçon du socratisme : la science, c'est de savoir que la science nous échappe. Le Théétète, en pratiquant l'impasse, s'érige en carrefour. S'y rencontrent, quand y est tentée une solution de l'énigme des irrationnelles, l'histoire des mathématiques ; celle, très platonicienne bien qu'encore la nôtre, de la philosophie ; les pouvoirs de la rhétorique , car c'est en elle, à bien entende le sophiste, qu'il nous faut apprendre à reconnaître la science ; la question, enfin, que Platon n'a cessé de poser : comment rétablir la dialectique dans ses droits ?

Republic," by Plato, is part of the "Barnes & Noble Classics"""series, which offers quality editions at affordable prices to the student and the general reader, including new scholarship, thoughtful design, and pages of carefully crafted extras. Here are some of the remarkable features of "Barnes & Noble Classics" New introductions commissioned from today's top writers and scholars Biographies of the authors Chronologies of contemporary historical, biographical, and cultural events Footnotes and endnotes Selective discussions of imitations, parodies, poems, books, plays, paintings, operas, statuary, and films inspired by the work Comments by other famous authors Study questions to challenge the reader's viewpoints and expectations Bibliographies for further reading Indices & Glossaries, when appropriateAll editions are beautifully designed and are printed to superior specifications; some include illustrations of historical interest. "Barnes & Noble Classics "pulls together a constellation of influencesbiographical, historical, and literaryto enrich each reader's understanding of these enduring works.One of the greatest works of philosophy, political theory, and literature ever produced, Plato s "Republic" has shaped Western thought for thousands of years, and remains as relevant today as when it was written during the fourth century B.C. "Republic" begins by posing a central "What is justice, and why should we be just, especially when the wicked often seem happier and more successful?" For Plato, the answer lies with the ways people, groups, and institutions organize and behave. A brilliant inquiry into the problems of constructing the perfect state, and the roles education, the arts, family, and religion should play in our lives, "Republic" employs picturesque settings, sharply outlined characters, and conversational dialogue to drive home the philosopher s often provocative arguments.It has been said that the entire history of Western philosophy consists of nothing more than "a series of footnotes to Plato." Vastly entertaining, occasionally shocking, and always stimulating, "Republic" continues to enrich and expand the outlook of all who read it.Elizabeth Watson Scharffenberger holds degrees from the University of Chicago and Columbia University. A specialist in the culture and literature of Athens during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., she teaches at Columbia University and New York University s Gallatin School.

All the writings of Plato generally considered to be authentic are here presented in the only complete one-volume Plato available in English. The editors set out to choose the contents of this collected edition from the work of the best British and American translators of the last 100 years, ranging from Jowett (1871) to scholars of the present day. The volume contains prefatory notes to each dialogue, by Edith Hamilton; an introductory essay on Plato's philosophy and writings, by Huntington Cairns; and a comprehensive index which seeks, by means of cross references, to assist the reader with the philosophical vocabulary of the different translators.

The Laws, Plato's longest dialogue, has for centuries been recognized as the most comprehensive exposition of the practical consequences of his philosophy, a necessary corrective to the more visionary and utopian Republic. In this animated encounter between a foreign philosopher and a powerful statesman, not only do we see reflected, in Plato's own thought, eternal questions of the relation between political theory and practice, but we also witness the working out of a detailed plan for a new political order that embodies the results of Plato's mature reflection on the family, the status of women, property rights, criminal law, and the role of religion and the fine arts in a healthy republic.

Plato's Socrates, in prison and being urged to flee execution, raises in acute form, and for the first time in European thought, a central question: is it right to disobey the state? Socrates' controversial answer in "Crito" has generated much contemporary literature, but no English commentary of the Greek text for seventy-five years. This new edition aims to provide an up-to-date literary and philosophical analysis suitable for a wide range of readers, including those with post-beginners Greek. It represents an ideal introduction, not only to the social and philosophical world of Classical Greece, but also to the personality of one of its greatest thinkers.

"Preface: This edition, which is intended for those who have only lately begun the study of Greek, is based on the edition by my husband in the Pitt Press series. Where no simplification or abridgement seemed necessary, I haven't hesitated to use the original wording, but the notes have been for the most part, & the introduction entirely, rewritten. A vocabulary has also been added. I've made considerable use of H. Williamson's edition, published since my husband's lifetime. I am very glad that Prof. Burnet's most interesting work, Greek Philosophy, Thales to Plato;, appeared just in time to enable me to consult it."--A.M.A., Cambridge, 8/3/1914

The second edition of Five Dialogues presents G. M. A. Grube's distinguished translations, as revised by John Cooper for Plato, Complete Works (Hacket, 1997). Cooper has also contributed a number of new or expanded footnotes and updated Suggestions for Further Reading.

"A model of the kind of text one needs for lecture courses: the translation is extremely readable and made even more accessible by intelligent printing decisions (on dividing the text, spacing for clarification, etc.); the notes are kept to a minimum but appear when they are really needed for comprehension and are truly informative. And the introduction admirably presents both basic information and a sense of current scholarly opinion." -- S G Nugent, Princeton University One of the most famous works of literature in the Western world, Plato's Symposium is also one of the most entertaining. The scene is a dinner party in Athens in 416 B.C. at which the guests - including the comic poet Aristophanes and Plato's mentor, Socrates - playfully discuss the nature of eros, or love. By turns earthly and sublime, the dialogue culminates with Socrates's famous account of the "ladder of love," an extended analysis of the many forms of eros. The evening ends with a speech by the drunken Alcibiades, the most popular and powerful Athenian of the day, who insists on praising Socrates rather than love, offering up a brilliant character sketch of the enigmatic philosopher.

Timaeus and Critias is a Socratic dialogue in two parts. A response to an account of an ideal state told by Socrates, it begins with Timaeus’s theoretical exposition of the cosmos and his story describing the creation of the universe, from its very beginning to the coming of man. Timaeus introduces the idea of a creator God and speculates on the structure and composition of the physical world. Critias, the second part of Plato’s dialogue, comprises an account of the rise and fall of Atlantis, an ancient, mighty and prosperous empire ruled by the descendents of Poseidon, which ultimately sank into the sea. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.

I nodi della vita e dell'ambivalente passione filosofica e politica si strinsero per Platone nel 399, data del processo a Socrate. L'"Apologia" l'opera nella quale egli presenta Socrate che si difende davanti ai giudici ateniesi che lo condannano a morte, in un processo intentatogli per reati di opinione che vanno dall'empietà alla corruzione dei giovani tramite l'insegnamento.

¿Qué es el bien? ¿Y la justicia? ¿Cómo se puede vivir de manera digna? ¿Cuál es la mejor manera de enfrentarse a la muerte? Hombres y mujeres de todas las épocas y lugares se han hecho las mismas preguntas. Las respuestas, en contra de lo que pudiera suponerse, no varían demasiado. La filosofía, pese a su fama de centrarse en especulaciones abstrusas, también se ocupa de aquellos asuntos que atañen a nuestras experiencias más directas. Los diálogos de Platón, lejos de estar pensados para un público académico o especializado, se dirigen al ciudadano de a pie, a la persona que desea afrontar su vida y sus responsabilidades co- tidianas de una manera más consciente y reflexiva. El pensamiento deviene un quehacer, una tarea práctica en la que el lector, de la mano de Sócrates se ve obligado a revisar sus creencias para darse cuenta de que conceptos como la verdad, la libertad, la felicidad, la belleza o el amor son mucho más complejos de lo que cabría esperar y atañen a lo más profundo de nuestra existencia.

Meno (/ˈmiːnoʊ/; Greek: Μένων, Menōn) is a Socratic dialogue by Plato. In it, Socrates tries to determine the definition of virtue, or rather arete, meaning virtue in general, rather than particular virtues, such as justice or temperance. The first part of the work is written in the Socratic dialectical style, and depicts Meno as being reduced to confusion or aporia. In response to Meno's paradox (or the learner's paradox), however, Socrates introduces positive ideas: the immortality of the soul, the theory of knowledge as a recollection (anamnesis), which Socrates demonstrates by posing a mathematical puzzle to one of Meno's slaves, the method of hypothesis, and, in the final lines, the distinction between knowledge and true belief.

"A superb translation that captures the rhetorical brilliance of the Greek. . . . The translation is faithful in the very best sense: it reflects both the meaning and the beauty of the Greek text. . . . The footnotes are always helpful, never obtrusive. A one-page outline is useful since there are no editorial additions to mark major divisions in the dialogue. An appendix containing fragments of early Greek love poetry helps the reader appreciate the rich, and perhaps elusive, meaning of eros. . . . The entire Introduction is crisply written, and the authors' erudition shines throughout, without a trace of pedantry. . . . this is an excellent book that deservedly should find wide circulation for many years to come." --Tim Mahoney, University of Texas at Arlington

Estos cuatro diálogos, llamados «críticos», reexaminan y cuestionan varios aspectos de los anteriores, los de madurez o plenitud, en especial la Teoría de las Formas o Ideas y la relación de éstas con el mundo fenoménico y sensible.

En los albores mismos del nacimiento de la filosofía Platón planteó, utilizando la dúctil forma del diálogo, buena parte de los principales problemas que han ocupado desde entonces al pensamiento filosófico. El presente volumen recoge tres interesantes piezas platónicas. La "Apología de Sócrates" constituye el hermoso relato que hace Platón del juicio y condena de su maestro en el año 399 a.C. El diálogo "Menón" trata esencialmente sobre la teoría de la reminiscencia, según la cual el conocimiento no es otra cosa que el recuerdo de experiencias anteriores. Finalmente, el "Crátilo" estudia el nexo complejo que existe entre lengua y realidad y si es posible desvelar la verdad por medio de las palabras. Traducción y prólogo Óscar Martínez García

Бенкет Платона належить до найвищих осягнень філософської думки і шедеврів світової літератури. Як кожний великий твір Платонів Бенкет не втрачає своєї актуальности і по-новому промовляє до кожного нового покоління. Його змістом є натхненний і захопливий своїм артистизмом та імпровізаційністю пошук відповіді на одвічне питання філософії про смисл людського життя. Для Платона він збувається в Еросі, у пристрасному бажанні, що має божественне походження і є нашим пориванням до Бога. У сучасному світі цей твір набуває особливого звучання. Надто, якщо погодитися з К’єркеґором, який вбачає причину занепаду сучасної людини у бракові пристрасти. Бенкет пробуджує закладену в людській природі пристрасть, виводить на стежку, де кожен може знайти для себе щось найважливіше. І тоді вже не зможе бути байдужим. Платон. Бенкет / перекл. з давньогрецької і коментарі Уляни Головач, вступна стаття Джованні Реале. — Львів: Видавництво Українського католицького університету 2005. — хlіv + 178 с.

Plato's Allegory of the Cave is what many believe to be the foundation of Western Philosophy. It addresses what is visible and invisible, seen and observed versus intuited and imagined, and what is public versus private and just versus unjust. It also concerns the meaning and importance of education, the state of the soul, the conflict between truth and beauty, animal urges versus higher aspirations, knowledge versus ignorance, and on and on...

'I'll stop doing it as soon as I understand what I'm doing.' Somewhere between a historical account and work of philosophy, Socrates' Defence details the final plea of Plato's beloved mentor. Introducing Little Black 80 books for Penguin's 80th birthday. Little Black Classics celebrate the huge range and diversity of Penguin Classics, with books from around the world and across many centuries. They take us from a balloon ride over Victorian London to a garden of blossom in Japan, from Tierra del Fuego to 16th-century California and the Russian steppe. Here are stories lyrical and savage; poems epic and intimate; essays satirical and inspirational; and ideas that have shaped the lives of millions. Plato (474 BC-347 BC). Plato's works available in Penguin Classics are Republic , The Last Days of Socrates , The Laws , Phaedrus , Protagoras and Meno , Timaeus and Critias , Theaetetus , Early Socratic Dialogues , The Symposium and Gorgias .

Se esiste il testo sull'amore nella nostra civiltà, a cui ogni testo successivo non può che ricondursi, questo è il Simposio, il dialogo di Platone che più di ogni altro ha mantenuto intatto il fiore della gioventù e ci si offre naturalmente non già come una disputa filosofica, ma come una lunga conversazione - forse la più bella conversazione della letteratura - fra spiriti "eccellenti" (oltre a Socrate, il suo grande avversario Aristofane e il bellissimo Alcibiade) che, uno dopo l'altro, prendono la parola e raccontano di una potenza inesauribile: Eros. C'è chi dice che sia il dio più antico, altri invece sostiene che è il dio più giovane, altri che è un grande demone. A tutti esso appare "meraviglioso fra gli uomini e gli dei". Le due forme di Afrodite, il mito dell'androgino, le origini dell'antichissimo desiderio di "fare, di due, uno" e così di "guarire la natura umana", la "morbidezza" e l' "asprezza" dell'amore, la natura del desiderio: con articolazione sottilissima, attraverso le varie voci, Platone tocca tutti i punti sensibili dell'eros e infine affida a una vera iniziatrice ai "misteri d'amore", Diotima, il compito di schiuderne i segreti ultimi. E qui, come pure nell'ultima, trascinante apparizione di Alcibiade, diventano espliciti, forse più di altre volte in Platone, i riferimenti alla "sapienza" e all' "enigma". Anche per questo, dunque, Giorgio Colli è stato interprete profondamente congeniale di questo testo, in cui risuonano, limpidi e misteriosi, alcuni temi che sono stati centrali per la sua interpretazione del mondo greco.

Raymond Larson's excellent translation of the dialogues that deal, respectively, with the nature of eros and the immortality of the soul are supplemented by careful annotation, a fine introduction, a list of principal dates in the life of Plato, and a selected bibliography.

Outstanding translations by leading contemporary scholars--many commissioned especially for this volume--are presented here in the first single edition to include the entire surviving corpus of works attributed to Plato in antiquity. In his introductory essay, John Cooper explains the presentation of these works, discusses questions concerning the chronology of their composition, comments on the dialogue form in which Plato wrote, and offers guidance on approaching the reading and study of Plato's works. Also included are concise introductions by Cooper and Hutchinson to each translation, meticulous annotation designed to serve both scholar and general reader, and a comprehensive index. This handsome volume offers fine paper and a high-quality Smyth-sewn cloth binding in a sturdy, elegant edition.

This is an English translation of one of the more challenging and enigmatic of Plato's dialogues between Socrates and Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, that begins with Zeno defending his treatise of Parmenidean monism against those partisans of plurality. Focus Philosophical Library translations are close to and are non-interpretative of the original text, with the notes and a glossary intending to provide the reader with some sense of the terms and the concepts as they were understood by Plato’s immediate audience.

The dialogue discussing the relative merits of lives based on pleasure and intelligence is acccompanied by textual notes

Plato is acknowledged as one of the greatest philosophers of classical Greece, and the thirty-six dialogues that are credited to him helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy. The Republic and Other Dialogues collects seven of Plato's best-known works in Benjamin Jowett's classic translation. In "The Republic," Plato's teacher, Socrates, discusses the character of the just city-state and its citizens. "Symposium" and "Phaedrus" explore the nature and meaning of love. "Euthyphro," "Apology," "Crito," and "Paedo" chronicle the trial, sentencing, and execution of Socrates for his perceived crimes against the state. The Republic and Other Dialogues is one of Barnes & Noble's leatherbound classics. Each volume features authoritative texts by the world's greatest authors in an exquisitely designed bonded-leather binding, with distinctive gilt edging and an attractive silk-ribbon bookmark. Decorative, durable, and collectible, these books offer hours of pleasure to readers young and old and are an indispensible cornerstone for every home library.

Plato was a teacher who used the dialogue form as a means of challenging his students to think deeply about how to live the best possible human life. Consider this Plato wrote each book of The Republic to be performed by actors playing the characters of Socrates, Glaucon, Adeimantus, Thrasymachus, and the others. When Book One was performed, he then invited his students, the brightest and best young people in Athens, critically to respond to each and every argument, issue, and question posed by the characters. Rather than passively watching and listening, they were lured into the process and challenged to evaluate and improve on the ideas presented in the performance. Based on their responses, Plato then wrote Book Two. The same process was repeated, and Book Three was generated. In this way all ten books evolved as part of a dynamic and creative dialectic intended to take place in the soul of each participant including Plato himself. That would also mean that the work is not yet finished, because each new participant joins in the ongoing process of interpretation and evaluation. In that way, Plato s ideas are inscribed in the medium of the soul, which continues to live. Agora Publications, Inc., invites you to join in this same drama that has been playing for more than 2,400 years.

Set immediately prior to the trial and execution of Socrates in 399 BC, Theaetetus shows the great philosopher considering the nature of knowledge itself, in a debate with the geometrician Theodorus and his young follower Theaetetus. Their dialogue covers many questions, such is knowledge purely subjective, composed of the ever-changing flow of impressions we receive from the outside world? Is it better thought of as "true belief"? Or is it, as many modern philosophers argue, "justified true belief," in which the belief is supported by argument or evidence? With skill and eloquence, Socrates guides the debate, drawing out the implications of these theories and subjecting them to merciless and mesmerising criticism. One of the founding works of epistemology, this profound discussion of the problem of knowledge continues to intrigue and inspire. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.

Plato, the great philosopher of Athens, was born in 427 BCE. In early manhood an admirer of Socrates, he later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life is uncertain; that he left Athens for a time after Socrates' execution is probable; that later he went to Cyrene, Egypt, and Sicily is possible; that he was wealthy is likely; that he was critical of 'advanced' democracy is obvious. He lived to be 80 years old. Linguistic tests including those of computer science still try to establish the order of his extant philosophical dialogues, written in splendid prose and revealing Socrates' mind fused with Plato's thought. In Laches, Charmides, and Lysis, Socrates and others discuss separate ethical conceptions. Protagoras, Ion, and Meno discuss whether righteousness can be taught. In Gorgias, Socrates is estranged from his city's thought, and his fate is impending. The Apology (not a dialogue), Crito, Euthyphro, and the unforgettable Phaedo relate the trial and death of Socrates and propound the immortality of the soul. In the famous Symposium and Phaedrus, written when Socrates was still alive, we find the origin and meaning of love. Cratylus discusses the nature of language. The great masterpiece in ten books, the Republic, concerns righteousness (and involves education, equality of the sexes, the structure of society, and abolition of slavery). Of the six so-called dialectical dialogues Euthydemus deals with philosophy; metaphysical Parmenides is about general concepts and absolute being; Theaetetus reasons about the theory of knowledge. Of its sequels, Sophist deals with not-being; Politicus with good and bad statesmanship and governments; Philebus with what is good. The Timaeus seeks the origin of the visible universe out of abstract geometrical elements. The unfinished Critias treats of lost Atlantis. Unfinished also is Plato's last work of the twelve books of Laws (Socrates is absent from it), a critical discussion of principles of law which Plato thought the Greeks might accept. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Plato is in twelve volumes.

Plato, the great philosopher of Athens, was born in 427 BCE. In early manhood an admirer of Socrates, he later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life is uncertain; that he left Athens for a time after Socrates' execution is probable; that later he went to Cyrene, Egypt, and Sicily is possible; that he was wealthy is likely; that he was critical of 'advanced' democracy is obvious. He lived to be 80 years old. Linguistic tests including those of computer science still try to establish the order of his extant philosophical dialogues, written in splendid prose and revealing Socrates' mind fused with Plato's thought. In Laches, Charmides, and Lysis, Socrates and others discuss separate ethical conceptions. Protagoras, Ion, and Meno discuss whether righteousness can be taught. In Gorgias, Socrates is estranged from his city's thought, and his fate is impending. The Apology (not a dialogue), Crito, Euthyphro, and the unforgettable Phaedo relate the trial and death of Socrates and propound the immortality of the soul. In the famous Symposium and Phaedrus, written when Socrates was still alive, we find the origin and meaning of love. Cratylus discusses the nature of language. The great masterpiece in ten books, the Republic, concerns righteousness (and involves education, equality of the sexes, the structure of society, and abolition of slavery). Of the six so-called dialectical dialogues Euthydemus deals with philosophy; metaphysical Parmenides is about general concepts and absolute being; Theaetetus reasons about the theory of knowledge. Of its sequels, Sophist deals with not-being; Politicus with good and bad statesmanship and governments; Philebus with what is good. The Timaeus seeks the origin of the visible universe out of abstract geometrical elements. The unfinished Critias treats of lost Atlantis. Unfinished also is Plato's last work of the twelve books of Laws (Socrates is absent from it), a critical discussion of principles of law which Plato thought the Greeks might accept. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Plato is in twelve volumes.

Chronicling the life and death of the father of western philosophy, and charting his influence on the most influential ancient Greek philosophers, Plato's The Last Days of Socrates is translated from the Greek by Hugh Tredennick, revised with an introduction and notes by Harold Tarrant in Penguin Classics. The trial and condemnation of Socrates on charges of heresy and corrupting young minds is a defining moment in the history of Classical Athens. In tracing these events through four dialogues, Plato also developed his own philosophy, based on Socrates' manifesto for a life guided by self-responsibility. Euthyphro finds Socrates outside the court-house, debating the nature of piety, while the Apology is his robust rebuttal of the charges of impiety and a defence of the philosopher's life. In the Crito, while awaiting execution in prison, Socrates counters the arguments of friends urging him to escape. Finally, in the Phaedo, he is shown calmly confident in the face of death, skilfully arguing the case for the immortality of the soul. Hugh Tredennick's landmark 1954 translation has been revised by Harold Tarrant, reflecting changes in Platonic studies, with an introduction and expanded introductions to each of the four dialogues. Plato (c.427-347 BC) stands with Socrates and Aristotle as one of the shapers of the whole intellectual tradition of the West. He founded the Academy in Athens, the first permanent institution devoted to philosophical research and teaching, and the prototype of all Western universities. If you enjoyed The Last Days of Socrates, you might like Plato's The Symposium, also available in Penguin Classics.

� Translated by Donald J. ZeylIncludes an Introduction by the translator.